The Andromeda galaxy, a sister galaxy to the Milky Way with an estimated 400 billion stars, was discovered to be far beyond our own galaxy after Hubble"s observation of a Cepheid variable star in 1924. This event marked the first extragalactic discovery and shattered the previous belief that the Andromeda Nebula was part of the Milky Way, leading to a greater understanding of the vastness of the universe.